Balance sheet Essay Example for Free

Balance sheet EssayAccording to the depreciation rates used by the company and described in the Production Cost Report, if a company adds 50 new workstations at a cost of $250,000 each and also spends $5 billion for an addition to its fable plant to accommodate the new workstations.According to the cost allocation methods used in the companys accounting system and described in the inspection and repair section for the Operations Report for any of the four geographic regions, if a company spends $5 million to advertise its camera lines in trades union America, assembles and ships 300,000 entry-level cameras and 200,000 multi-featured cameras to its North American dealers, derives revenues of $80 million from its sales of entry-level cameras and$120 million from the sales of its multi-featured cameras in North America, then50% of the $5 million in announce expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 50% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras. 70% of the $5 million in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 30% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras.the per camera advertising costs for both entry-level and multi-featured cameras will be $10.00.40% of the $5 million in advertising expenditures will be allocated to the costs of advertising for entry-level cameras and 60% will be allocated to the costs of multi-featured cameras.the per camera advertising costs for entry-level cameras will be 50% larger than the per camera advertising costs for multi-featured cameras.

Research on Work-Family Balance Essay Example for Free

Research on Work-Family Balance EssayIntroductionThe mastering of a foreign quarrel opens the roads for the transit of citizens whether for work, business, or tourism purposes, as well as for cultural and informational exchanges of all kinds. In this light, the status of incline as a global delivery in politics, economics, education and the media, e supernumeraryly the Internet, is widely acknowledged. Typically, second sight has functioned to help language learners cope with the features of language or to develop the competences postulate to function in a contain, profession, or workplace. (Helen. Basturkman. 20066) Learning, as a language based activity, is fundamentally and profoundly drug-addicted on phraseology knowledge. Learners mustiness eat up access to the meanings of haggle which is technological, related to their theater of operations matter. knowing the adept foul foul destinationsis not a sufficient condition for successful education of specialized veridical. It was, in fact, the non-technical terms which created more of a problem. (Cohen et al. 1988162) For many people language, specially checkup specialist wording (or terminology), is a key element of second sight.Despite this, vocabulary studies and, in particular, the pedagogy of vocabulary appear to bedevil been somewhat neglected in clairvoyance( Laufer p-167, Swales p224). Reading, for students of English for specific purposes ( clairvoyance), is probably the most pregnant skill in terms of getting new knowledge. It does, however, often pose learning problems, especially with respect to vocabulary. The psycholinguistic model of reading widely favoured in linguistics and cognitive psychology in the 1960s and 1970s considered that the main constructs underlying reading atomic number 18 making predictions and deducing meaning from con schoolbook (cf.Goodman 1976127). However, during the 1980s, the interactive approach to reading became dominant, in which it was proposed that successful experience is achieved by the interactive mapping of two reading strategies the top-down approach (i.e. making uptake of the readers previous knowledge, expectations and experience in reading the schoolbook) and the bottom-up approach(i.e. arrest a textbook mainly by analyzing the destination colloquy and sentences in the text itself cf. Sanford Garrod 1981 Van DijkKintsch 1983 Carrell 1988.Research in second sight reading (e.gSelinker Trimble 1974 Cohen et al. 1988) provides empirical support for the interactive framework, finding morphonographemic word-processing skills to be a major component of reading. It has also, since the 1980s, been broadly agreed among researchers (cf. Kennedy Bolitho 1984 Trimble 1985 Cohen et al. 1988) that for non-native ESP readers the most problematic element in comprehending scientific and technical (ST) texts is a club of vocabulary items that has been variously labeled technical and semi-technical. Whatever the n ame given to the speech in this group, if they appear to hinder students of ESP in comprehending texts in their discipline, it is worthwhile for language teachers and ESP practitioners to look ways in which learners lexical repertoires washstand be raised to at least the scepter level of skilled readership in their chosen bowls.It is known to most second language learners that the eruditeness of vocabulary is a fundamental and important component in the course of their learning. A good mastery of vocabulary is essential for ESP/EFL learners, especially for those who learn for specific purpose or expect to operate at an advanced level in English. It is wise(p) to direct vocabulary learning to more specialized beas when learners have mastered the 2000-3000 wrangling of familiar usefulness in English (Nation, 2001187). I will identify the types of vocabulary in ESP texts and their relative importance. I will provide an overview of some key issues relating to the teach of ESP vocabulary.Types of vocabularyIn teaching and learning vocabulary, its essential to distinguish between different types of vocabulary be pay back different types of vocabulary need different profoundise and treatment or some types of vocabulary will be given priorities and emphases in teaching and learning according to leaners different aims of learning.1. Core and non- nucleus vocabulary ane way of looking at the status of words in lexical topic of studys is to consider whether some words atomic number 18 more amount, or central to the language, than others. The idea that there might be a core or basic vocabulary of words at the heart of any language is kind of an appealing one to language educators, for if we could isolate that vocabulary then we could equip learners with a survival kit of core words that they could use in most any situation, whether spoken or written, formal or informal, or any situation where an absolutely precise term, might be elusive and where a cor e word would do. (McCarthy.199049) As the word core suggests, core vocabulary refers to those words that be more central to the language than other words and tend to be the most commonplacely occurring ones. People prefer to use such(prenominal)(prenominal) words because they do have core meaning-potential (McCarthy, 1990). They are thought to be more core because it is easy to find an antonym, also they are neutral in formality and usable in a wide variety of situations. Furthermore, an important point is that such words can be apply to paraphrase or give definitions of other words.For example, (McCarthy, 1990) the following instruction is given decide which is the core word in the set of words slim, slender, thin, emaciated and scrawny and we can easily figure out that thin is the core word Core vocabulary words of neutral meaning in any lexical set core words collocate more readily with a wide chuck of words, they whitethorn be used in a wider range of registers, and are us ually involved in the definition of non-core members of their set. In ESP teaching, we may come crossways egress-specific vocabulary, which is non-core as far as the language as a unit of measurement is concerned. This is because it is not neutral in field and is associated with a specialized topic (Carter, 1988172).They are subject-specific core vocabulary conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, limestone and dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, oil colour oil, hydro atomic number 6s-compounds, hydrogen, sulpher, oxygen and nitrogen, gaseous fuels, methane, synthetics, fossil fuels, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks.In fact that the need of ESP students is to learn such above mentioned core vocabulary in written and spoken language in their profession, ESP students with specific and pedantic purpose may need to acquire technical and semi-technical words in their specialist texts which are in need for them to learn and use it in speech and writing documents. Specialist vocabu lary can be core in the business enterprise establishment where specialist use it frequently and in need, as well as during the ESP classes where ESP teacher and student fruitful inter swear out and it is very(prenominal) central for communication, especially, writing documentations where specialist uses core-specialist vocabulary as well as ESP student may learn that core vocabulary in texts which are full of technical and semi-technical vocabulary and which is central to learning.2. Spoken and written vocabularyThe spoken text is an example of what Ure(1971) calls language-in-action, that is , people are apply language as an accompaniment to the action they are engaged in, and the feeling of lightness or heaviness of vocabulary is what Ure calls lexical density(McCarthy199071) The written text is less dependent on physical context and its words make specific reference to items in the situation. Speaking versus writing is one important dimension affecting lexical density, scarc ely some spoken modes(e.g. oral narrative, or a formal lecture) might be lexically quite dense.(McCarthy.199071) Although most of the existing literature on vocabulary has grown out of the study of written texts. spoken texts seem less dense than the most written texts in vocabulary items, which is characterized in language-in action texts repetition and lexical negotiation occur much more often in spoken discourse than in written texts vague and or else widely distributed words are more frequently used in everyday babble than in written texts.Spoken vocabulary is what we got from written vocabulary to use orally, by contrast we cant use full written information in speech as well as possible, there are a lot of written information in the past and in the present, for using significant ideas, at first, we should consider which is more available and more demanding for meditate and for daily life to use. ESP students who study the written texts, based on technical and semi-technical vocabulary, consequently, will product spoken vocabulary which is resulted from the information of written vocabulary. Thats wherefore spoken and written vocabulary is essential in ESP courses.3. Procedural vocabularyVocabulary used to explain other words, to structure and head their meaning. Procedural Vocabulary consists of words with a high indexical potential, which means that they can be interpreted in a wide range of ways. Identifying items in the lexicon that seem to carry a heavy work-load(e.g. the core vocabulary) must include a consideration of how some words are characteristically used to talk about other words, to paraphrase them and square off them and to organize them in communication. Widdowson(1983) describes this kind of vocabulary as adjective. Robinson (1988) refers to this simple lexis of paraphrase and explanation to illustrate adjective vocabulary and calls the procedural words the main element in our interpretation and categorization of specific frames of referenceVer-mic-u-lite-type of Mica that is a very light material do up of threadlike parts, that can be used for keeping heat inside buildings, growing seeds in, etc.(McCarthy.199051) We need sense (relations between words) and denotation (relations between words and the world) in conjunction.However, learners at all levels will need to confront the procedural lexicon of the language they are learning (McCarthy.199052) Widdowson (198392) makes a distinction between words which are schematically bound and words of high indexical (or procedural they are synonymous) potential. The schematically bound words narrow the frames of reference and identify particular field hydrometer has low indexical potential and will occur in a narrow range of texts identifiable within certain scientific and technical fields (McCarthy.199051) Procedural vocabulary is characteristically used to talk about, paraphrase, define and organize words in communication. They are commonly used in dictionaries to give definitions.Students of Petroleum engineering may find them useful when learning other words for the accumulation of their vocabulary. It is true that students are required procedural vocabulary that helps them understand the technical vocabulary used in the process of establishing word meaning. The important role of procedural vocabulary lies, therefore, in the assumption that meaning is not static, but can be negotiated through interaction between participants hence, demanding when? and why? Because of unknown technical and semi-technical vocabulary, which is quite complicated to understand, and is the main tool in the texts to travail their own distinctive feature.ESP teachers should give definitions by using procedural vocabulary, which may give a specific description of the word. On the other hand, to use procedural vocabulary, ESP students need to know, approximately 2000 vocabulary words. After having gained them, students are able to define the technical and semi-tec hnical vocabularies which are very complicated to comprehend and to predict. However, with the help of procedural vocabulary use, I believe that ESP teachers, after having used the procedural vocabulary, could give the exact definition of the unknown word. Consequently, ESP students may guess what it is in L1. Thats why the use of procedural vocabulary is essential in ESP classes.4.Technical and semi-technical vocabularyMany ESP teachers have found that vocabulary can be one of the major problems that effect students understanding of scientific and technical texts. According to Kennedy Bolitho (1984), Trimble(1985) and Nation (1990), the difficulty lies not with technical vocabulary as such but, as Cohen et al. (1988 153) put it even students with mastery over the technical terms become so frustrated in reading technical English that they seek native-language summaries of the English texts, or native-language books covering roughly the same material, or do not read the material at all, but concentrate rather on taking verbatim lecture notes. ESP students generally find their difficulties in reading Petroleum engineering texts because of not knowing technical and semi-technical vocabulary in L2, and this does indeed appear to be one of their major problems in comprehending texts of their subject surface area, especially during second and third years of study.Many of the problems that the students encounter in using English are related to comprehension, and are caused by their limited knowledge of vocabulary, including crucially, a lack of awareness of polysemy. Increasingly researchers have favoured the view that such an area of vocabulary creates significant barriers to students understanding of (ST) texts, but the discussion has been complicated by the use of several different terms for what appears to be the same intermediate-level area of difficulty, for which commentators such as Cowan (1974), Robinson (1980), Trimble(1985) and Tong(1993a, 1993b) use the term sub-technical vocabulary, while others use non-technical with or without (cf. Barber 1962 Nation 1990 Tao 1994), and still others use semi-technical (St antic Dudley-Evans 1980 Farrell 1990 McArthur 1996b). We cannot teach our scientific and technical students the whole of the scientific vocabulary this is beyond the capacity of any individual.Nor do we normally want to teach them the specialized technical terms of their own subject.what the English teacher can usually hope to do is to teach a vocabulary which is generally useful to students of science and technology-words that occur frequently in scientific and technical literature of different types. Some of these words will be technical ones, but many will not. The real justification for having highly specialized texts is to achieve face validity. Learners may be more motivated by them, because they make the language seem more relevant. But learners can be fickle. And if the use of such texts makes work in the classroom d ifficult, learners will soon lose their liking for such texts (Tom Hutchinson and Alan Waters.1995162) Coxed and Nation(2001) categorize vocabulary for teaching and learning into four groups of words high frequency words, academic vocabulary, technical vocabulary, and low frequency vocabulary.They argue when learners have mastered control of the 2,000 words of general usefulness in English, it is wise to direct vocabulary learning to more specialized areas depending on the aims of the learners (p. 252-253).( Helen. Basturkemn.200617). According to Bloor and Bloor(1986), teaching a specific variety of English (ESP) can start at any level including beginners. Moreover, learning from the specific variety of English ( for example, English for doctors, English for hospitality), is highly effective as learners acquire structures in relation to the range of meanings in which they are used in their academic, workplace, or professional environments (Helen. Basturkmen. 200617) Sager(p-98) wri tes terminology is an applicable field of study concerned with the creation, collection and ordering of the vocabulary of special languages..this work is carried out by relatively few people for the benefit of all users of special languages. Sager notes the assumption that specialized communication can be made more effective If terms are formed according to certain prevailing patterns which have a predictive value.Alber-De Wolf( p-167) suggests that a good knowledge of term-formation processes improves the reading skills necessary for reading foreign LSP but most work in terminology is aimed not at teachers but at translators and, increasingly, at machine description and the development of term banks( Ross, Thomas). Sager makes the important observation that terminology is not so fixed as might be supposed. (Pauline Robinson. 199127) Voracek compares terminology across the graphic sciences and hearty sciences. He suggests that because political terminology can never be emotionall y neutral, it can be hardly accurate and unambiguous and it will always cause problems for translators and interpreters. Economic terms, while emotionally neutral, also cause problems of translation across economic systems (Pauline Robinson.199127). In fact, technical terms which are used only in a specialized field are sometimes less troublesome than vocabulary that looks familiar.Students recognize the need to find meanings for technical terms, and most dictionaries define them. On the other hand, students assume they already know the meaning of an ordinary word, so they do not try to find a specialized meaning for it (Virginia French Allen.198388). Technical vocabulary is words or phrases that are used primarily in a specific line of work or profession. Similarly, engineer of rock oil engineering field needs to know technical words such as essential decay, conglomerates, clay schist , siltstone, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, crude oil, hydrocarbons-compou nds, hydrogen, sulpher, oxygen and nitrogen, gaseous fuels, methane, synthetics, fossil fuels, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and may acquire technical and semi-technical vocabulary in the Petroleum engineering texts where they come across frequently, and words which most people outside of that labor never use.In terms of language content, there is little reason why , say, a biological science text should be more useful to a Biology than, say, a Physics text. There is no grammatical structure, function or discourse structure that can be identified specifically with Biology or any particular subject. Such things are product of the communicative situation (lecture, conversation, experiment, instructions) and the level (engineer, technician, manager, mechanic, university)there are only two ways in which the subject has any kind of influence on the language content We can distinguish four types of vocabulary-structural are, this, only, however-general table, run, dog, road, weather, cause-sub-technical engine, spring, valve, acid, budged-technical auricle, schist some, fissure, electrophoresis.Technical vocabulary was used far less frequently than the non-technical. These technical terms are also likely to pose the least problems for learners they are often internationally used or can be worked out from knowledge of the subject matter and common root. (Tom Hutchinson and Alan Waters.1995166) Comprehension in the ESP classroom is often more difficult than in real life, because texts are taken in isolation. In the outside world a text would normally appear in a context, which provides reference points to do understanding (Tom Hutchinson and Waters.199516) In terms of teaching in ESP, it is most important to make a distinction between the two types of vocabulary technical and semi-technical because they are of great importance for learners to study English for specific purposes and academic purposes. Baker(1988) lists six categories of vocabulary, all of which r elate to EAP.They are 1. Items which express notions general to all specialized disciplines 2. oecumenical language items that have a specialized meaning in one or more disciplines 3. Specialized items that have different meanings in different disciplines 4. ecumenical language items that have restricted meanings in different disciplines 5. General language items that are used to describe or comment on technical processes or functions in preference to other items with the same meaning, for example occur rather than happen. 6. Items used to signal the writers intentions or evaluation of material presented (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199883). Dudley-Evans and St John (199883) suggest resolving the overlapping six categories (Baker, 198891) into two broad areas A) Vocabulary that is used in general language but has a higher frequency of occurrence in specific and technical description and discussion.B) Vocabulary that has specialized and restricted meanings in certain disciplines and which may vary in meaning across discipline. It is quite clear that the first area would be referred to as semi-technical and the second area would be regarded as technical vocabulary. We can examine the following text to illustrate the difference among them below. Some extracts are taken from the texts of Petroleum engineering field, to analyze which is technical and semi-technical and what students of this area study during the class and what kind of information a ESP teacher should provide within the class. These texts are central in the heart of learning and there is a need, lack, desire of students to be competent with. In the second and third year courses, students of the Petroleum engineering field, in Karshi Engineering-Economics institute, the faculty of Oil and Gas, in Karshi, Uzbekistan, study this specialty in English during English classes.How may we inform them about the specific knowledge of their profession if we are not subject matter teachers? We are English langua ge teachers who did not study the specialty of these students at all. Consequently, only the job for us to do is to teach these texts, which are written in English and specially contain technical and semi-technical vocabulary. 1. The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks may vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay.Such sedimentary as gravel, sand, and clay at the beginning and conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists later are the result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind (extract from the text Sedimentary Rocks M.Ya. Barakova.197774-75) 2.The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, limestone and dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal (extract from the text Sedimentary Rocks M.Ya. Barakova.197774-75)3. Fossils are usuall y found in sedimentary rocks, although, sometimes they may be found in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well. They are most abundant in mudstone, shale and limestone, but also found in sandstone, dolomite and conglomerates (extract from the text Fossil Fuels M. Ya. Barakova.1977 108-109)4. Liquid fuels are derived almost from petroleum. In general, ingrained petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons-compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon together with the small amount of other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum is associated with water and natural gas(extract from the text Fossil Fuels M. Ya. Barakova.1977108-109)5. Of gaseous fuels the most important are those derived from natural gas, chiefly methane or petroleum. Using gaseous fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control. Today, gas is widely apply in the home and as a raw material for producing synthetics. (extract from the text Fossil Fuels) (extract from the text Fossil Fuels M. Ya. Barakova.1977108-109)The technical vocabulary is quite obvious. The items are organic decay, conglomerates, clay schist , siltstone, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, crude oil, hydrocarbons-compounds, hydrogen, sulpher, oxygen and nitrogen, gaseous fuels, methane, synthetics, fossil fuels, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and etc. The semi-technical vocabulary items are as follows mechanical action, liquid fuels, petroleum, industrial fuels, natural gas, raw material, layers, abundant, accumulation, destructive and chiefly, ease of distribution and control etc. As every specialist has their own specific vocabulary to use in speech and writing, the technical and semi-technical vocabulary is also the main source for Petroleum engineering students to go through. In fact, to succeed in comprehending the written vocabulary and spoken language in this area, ESP students should have access to these technical texts where they can find a way to know about this specialty in English.Technical and semi-technical vocabulary is the main instrument for survival in this area of study. As we can see from above, learners who will do academic study in English must focus on academic vocabulary which is variously known as general useful scientific vocabulary (Barber, 1962) and semi-technical vocabulary (Farrell, 1990), because they need to exhibit a wide range of academic skills like reading about research papers in their own fields, listening to teachers speak about their work, writing academic papers and presenting oral or written evaluations of methods or results in many cases, or writing documentations of the industrial company where the learner may use technical words , which is very needful , and use it for communication with foreign company by doing export or import business.Technical and semi-technical vocab ulary, which is used in this text, may not be occurred in the texts of other fields of study, for example, medicine, business, but it can occur in other parts of engineering areas. We may use general vocabulary in all fields of study where technical and semi-technical vocabularies of petroleum engineering field occur. With its importance shown above, technical vocabulary or semi-technical vocabulary should be given priority in teaching by ESP teachers because, according to Dudley-Evans and St John (199883), this type of vocabulary is used in general life contexts but has a higher frequency of occurrence in scientific and technical descriptions and discussions, especially in their specific field and conferences, meetings referring to specialty.ESP teachers should teach learners general vocabulary as well as technical vocabulary that has a higher frequency in a scientific field such as -general thickness, place, wind, frost, value, common, and etc. -petroleum engineering organic decay , conglomerates, siltstone, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, crude oil, hydrocarbons-compounds, sulpher, oxygen and nitrogen, gaseous fuels, methane, synthetics and etc. -verbs vary, achieve, found, form, derive from, include, compose, associate, obtain, utilize, produce. -collocations destructive mechanical action, organic decay, accumulation of materials, hydrocarbons-compounds, associate with.The issue of teaching technical vocabularyIt is often claimed that it is not the job of the ESP teachers to teach technical vocabulary (Barber, 1964 Higgens, 1966 Cowan, 1974). In general, we agree it is not but it may be the vocation of ESP teachers to teach vocabulary in certain circumstances.Beyond the duty of ESP teacherIn discussing the teaching of ESP it has often been said (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987 Higgins, 1966)that the teaching technical vocabulary is not the responsibility of the EAP teacher and that priority should be given to the teaching of semi-technica l or core vocabulary. The technical vocabulary is rather more complicated than the simple notion that the ESP teacher should not touch it. While in general we agree that it should not be the responsibility of the ESP teacher to teach technical vocabulary, in certain specific contexts it may be the duty of the ESP teacher to check that learners have understand technical vocabulary appearing as carrier content for an exercise. It may also be necessary to ensure that learners have understood technical language presented by a subject specialist or assumed to be known by a subject specialist (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199881) In any ESP exercise which exploits a particular context, that context will use certain technical vocabulary.It is important that both the teacher and the learners appreciate that this vocabulary is acting as carrier content for an exercise, and is not the real content of the exercise. However, students usually need to be able to understand the technical vocabulary in order to do exercise (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199881) How do we deal with this technical vocabulary? In some circumstances a term will be cognate with the equivalent term in the students first language and will not therefore cause difficulty. If the term is not cognate and is unfamiliar, then it may need to be introduced and explained in the first place the exercise is tackled. In many cases there is a one-to-one relationship between the terms in English and the learners L1 and so it will be overflowing to translate the term into the L1 after a brief explanation (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199881) A technical word is one that is recognizably specific to a particular topic, field or discipline.It is likely that they can only be learned and understood by studying the field. Such words are considered to be the responsibility of the subject teachers. Strevens (1973223) claims that learners who know the scientific field may have little difficulty with technical words but a teacher who may not have a great deal. We can examine the examples in the given text. Technical words like organic decay, sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic rocks, limestone, clay schist, methane and others are specialized words in the field of petroleum engineering, which may be quite easy for a student in L1, who studies the petroleum engineering. However, it is a different matter for ESP teachers. There are some other technical words that are quite familiar to learners even if learners are not studying the specific discipline to which the technical words belong because the words are widely, even internationally, known.Some very frequently occurring words in computer science, such as browser, program, log, hypertext and internet, are quite familiar to learners and these technical words have a high frequency occurrence in the texts of computer sciences and in information. The English teacher is an idealistic informant, who may inform the students of the petroleum engineering field with the information of their profession in L2 for non-native speakers. Even if it is the beyond of his/her duty, the English teacher should certainly explain the technical and semi-technical words in L1 or in L2 for successful learning. As a matter of fact that English teacher teaches texts, which are full of technical and semi-technical vocabulary. Thats why ESP teacher should know the subject matter in L1 and in L2, if not, not be able to teach the students of petroleum engineering field because of not knowing specialist knowledge.Furthermore, even he/she cant translate the text. As a result, no well-designed teaching will be done. A teacher of General English may not know the technical and semi-technical words because she/he is not a specialist of this area. For example, the English teacher who teaches medical students should know the medical terminology. If she/he does not know the technical vocabulary relating to medicine, how can she/he help the translation of meaning of medical trea tments or drugs which is be manufactured in Foreign country, most medicine production instruction is written and explained, given information about medical drugs, and available devices in English. That why the role of Technical and semi-technical vocabulary is not only valuable in the Petroleum engineering field, but also important in other fields of study. The ESP teacher should corporate with subject matter teacher in order to know subject matter for successful teaching. Which vocabulary type should the ESP teacher teach?According to Hutchinson and Waters, (1987) ESP should be seen as an approach to language teaching, which is directed by specific and apparent reasons for learning. The main of their vocabulary acquisition is surely academic vocabulary and they mainly learn technical and semi-technical vocabulary of their specialty in texts, which are main support for learning their specific field through unfamiliar words. The text is an informant where has full of special informa tion for learners desire, and learners try to predict what the word is about with his/her specific background knowledge and define the word. Nowadays, a lot of Educational grant programmes demand English knowledge as well as with specific disciplines, where learners study subject matter in English. Thats why learner, who is willing to study in European or US, Foreign universities and desires to make a progress in profession, consequently, needs to learn technical vocabulary. Learning technical and semi-technical vocabulary is the most essential need for such desire, and teaching technical and semi-technical vocabulary is more demanding.LearnabilityEase or difficult in the learnability of vocabulary is not unconnected with the notion of frequency, since the most frequent words will probably be absorbed and learnt simply because they occur regularly. But words may be easy or difficult for a variety of other reasons, and may need special attention or focus in teaching. 1. Words may pre sent spelling difficulties. Even native speakers of English have difficulty remembering whether single or double consonants appear in words like occurrence, parallel, and beginning. Languages with more regular spelling patterns present fewer difficulties of this kind. 2. Words may present phonological difficulties, each because they contain awkward clusters of sounds ( English thrive, crisps), or because spelling interfaces with perception of what the sound is (English worry is regularly pronounced by learners as if it rhymed with penitent). Such words may be effectively learned in all other respects, but pronunciation may remain a semipermanent difficulty, especially where old habits are ingrained.3. The syntactic properties of words often make them difficult. In English, want presents fewer syntactic difficulties than wish, want is followed by an infinitive and / or an object wish may be followed by a variety of verb patterns in that clauses, as well as by the infinitive. 4. Wor ds may be perceived as very close in meaning by the learner, and therefore difficult to separate one from another. Make and do are ill-famed in this respect in English. Learners of Spanish often find it difficult to separate ser and estar, which to the English-speaker seem both to mean be. The difficulty, or lack of difficulty, a word presents may override its frequency and/or range, and decisions to bring forward or postpone the teaching of an item may be based on learnability.Published materials handle features of learnability and difficulty in different ways.p-86 (McCarthy) Difficulty and learnability cut right across the notions of frequency and range. We cannot predict that just because a word is frequent it will be learnt quickly and thoroughly or, conversely, that, because a word is infrequent, it will not be easily learnt. Technical and semi-technical vocabulary has also difficulties for pronunciation and for communication to study.

A Depicted Theory On Why Criminal Behavior Occurs Criminology Essay

A Depicted Theory On Why Criminal Behavior Occurs Criminology EssayThroughout history theorist and people have seek to predominate a reason to why felon behavior occurs. Going back to ancient Babylons Code of Hammurabi, some 3,700 years ago, was the time where the fist efforts to retain bad behavior took place. In the seventeenth century, in America, European colonists believed that sin and crime we the same thing. For example, they believed that evils spirits possessed the people who did not form to friendly norms and follows the laws, or rules. To sustain control of the colonies the people who display anti amicable behavior would be dealt with promptly and most of the time severely. By the twenty- root century criminologists looked to a wide range of component parts to explain why a person would commit crimes. These included biological, psychological, social, and economic factors. Some would argue that a combination of these as comfortably would be the cause.A Depicted Theor y on Why Criminal Behavior OccursA controversial question is Are feloniouss born, or made? That is an crease that has been continuing for many years and has been the subject of numerous passionate debates.Early theorists during earlier time had thought that it had something to do with an inherent inclination, or even something as severe as a genetic defect or some form of mental retardation. Over the years, many sociologists and psychologists have tried to make champion of this complicated question. Several suggesting that with todays magnitude of chemical substances, enhancers, and habit forming hobbies, combined with poor living conditions, learned morals, lifestyles, lack of income and education, that deplorableity is certainly not an innate tendency, simply a lifestyle forced upon certain individuals in response to their environment, social class, and social relations.To completely understand the constitution of genes and the environmental influences criminal behavior, you must first know how to define criminal behavior. Law in our society is defined by social and legal institutions. Therefore, determining what constitutes criminal behavior can lot a wide variety of activities so look forers tend to focus on the wider context of antisocial behavior (Causes of Crime, 2010).Personality and disorder traits have become unavoidable in the analysis of those with criminal or antisocial behavior. Generally these disorders or traits ar seen in early childhood rather than as an adult. Attention famine Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) are three of the well-known disorders that have shown to have a relationship with adult behavior after on. ODD is characterized by confrontations, rebellion, and a bad temper. As a child with ODD grows older their behavior grows more unpleasant. ADHD is associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity and the inability to keep economic aid foc utilise on one thing. When an individual violates the social norms and rules that is a CD (Taylor, 1985).A large nitty-gritty of proof has shown that there is a considerable amount of people with psychological problems are in our criminal justice system. Although some would like to believe this is some kind of solution, it is problematic for our society. When those individuals who suffer from psychological issues are acc employ to be criminals there is a sense of stigma that is brought on to them because of their disorder. Certain psychological problems have been shown to be heritable and if given the right circumstances, individuals with those genes could find themselves engaging in criminal activity (Jones, 2005).Environmental concerns in criminal behavior occurrence include employment being at minimum earnings or below not helping deter criminal activity. Even with government social services, such as public housing, food stamps, and medical care, the income of a minimum wage household still falls short of providing basic needs. People must make a choice between continued long-term low income and the prospect of profitable crime. Gaining further education, of course, is an different option, but classes can be expensive and time consuming. While education can provide the stake to get a better job, it does not al focusings overcome the effects of abuse, poverty, or other limiting factors. Thus far it has been established through research and various studies that genetics do influence criminal or antisocial behavior. Researchers agree on the point that genes influence personality traits and disorders (Blumstien, 1987). The family environment is exact to the genteelness of a child and if problems exist then the child is most probably to suffer the consequences. Children who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others. Similarly, sexual abuse in childhood often leads these victims to become sexual predators as adults. Many inmates on stopping p oint row have histories of some kind of severe abuse. The neglect and abuse of children often progresses through several generations. So the cycle of abuse and crime keeps retell itself. The cycle of violence concept, based on the quality of early life relationships, has its positive counterpart. Supportive and loving parents who respond to the basic needs of their child instruct self-confidence and an interest in social environments. These children are generally well-adjusted in relating to others and are far less likely to commit crimes (Causes of Crime, 2010).In concomitant to environmental concerns the Twin and Adoption Statists from the studies that have been done. Some believe that studies support the genetic foundation of criminal behavior. Twin studies are done by the way of comparing monozygotic (MZ), or identical, twins and the percent of criminal behavior with the percent of criminal behavior of dizygotic (DZ), or fraternal, twins. Ordinarily these studies are used to assess the roles of genetic and environmental influences. The outcome of the twin studies show that there is a higher kindredity percentage for MZ twins than for DZ twins in criminal behavior. Adoption studies are serious in observing the relationship that exists between adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents, thus because they are believed to separate nature and nurture. Some studies have been performed that test for criminal behavior of the adopted children and if their biological parents had also been involved with criminal activity. Family studies are the third type of instrument used to assess the relationship between genetics and environmental influences on criminal or antisocial behavior (Himebauch, 2000).Another authoritative factor in the development of antisocial or delinquent behavior in adolescence is peer groups. A persons peer group strongly influences a decision to commit crime. For example, young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes become lost in the competition (Fadaie-Teharani, 2002). Children of families who cannot afford adequate clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap. Researchers believe these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminal gangs, since membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different manner. In gangs, antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility.An important point to make is that levels of education have been determined to be significant in the manifestation of criminal behavior. Individuals with eruditeness disabilities have been shown to be more prone to violent behavior. The major reason for this is given in an interrelated causal pattern of events with education at the center. take aim achievement is predictive of pro-social behavior or behaviors designated as upholding the moral values of a society. This is because acad emic achievement is interrelated in our society with several other variables such as financial success, high self-esteem and an internal locus of control. This particular model may account for reasoning behind the general thought that individuals with a high IQ generally have fewer tendencies for criminal behavior than individuals with a low IQ. The hypothesis is that having a higher IQ results in easier achievement in school. As stated above, doing well academically is associated with several societal factors as well. Individuals with a lower IQ may not heed as much academically which would result in lower self-esteem and not as much financial success, resulting in an increased disposition for criminal behavior. It is important then to stress education and to address issues with learning disabilities at an early age to disallow the appearance of these negative attributes (Himebauch, 2000).Yet another factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier is the availability of handguns in U.S. society. Many whiles used in crimes are stolen or purchased illegitimately which means it was bought on what is called the black market. Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders some distance or detachment from their victims. By the beginning of the twenty-first century firearm use was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, firearm use was the eighth leading cause of death in the United States (Causes of Crime, 2010). Similarly, the increased availability of free information on the Internet also makes it light-headed to commit certain kinds of. Web sites provide instructions on how to make bombs and buy poisons. Easy access, however, will not be the primary factor in a persons decision to commit a crime.Social learning theory has been cited as way to explain how the environment can influence a childs behavior. use this theory to explain the aggres sive or antisocial behavior of a child means that a child observes aggressive behavior between parents, siblings, or both. As a result, the children believes that this aggressive behavior is normal and can therefore use it themselves because they do not see the harm in acting similar to their parents. Interaction between family members and disciplinary techniques are influential in creating antisocial behavior. Using the social learning theory these two factors are also critical in the development of aggression (Taylor, 1985). Children who are raised in an aggressive family environment would most likely be susceptible to experiencing a lack of parental monitoring, permissiveness or inconsistency in punishment, parental rejection and aggression. The exposure to such high levels of aggression and other environmental factors greatly influences and reinforces a childs behavior. A significant point that should be known however is the fact that other research has supported the notion tha t genetics do influence levels of aggression, which stands in opposition to the social learning theory (Shepard, 1995).

Organizational Culture of Public and Private Sector Banks

organizational nicety of Public and Private Sector chamfersIn the onetime(prenominal) 25 years, the concept of organizational cultivation has gained wide acceptance as a way to understand pitying systems. From an open-sytems perspective, each aspect of organizational finis stand be seen as an important environmental condition affecting the system and its subsystems. The examination of organizational subtlety is also a valuable analytic tool in its own right.This way of looking at organizations borrows heavily from anthropology and sociology and uses many of the same harm to define the imageing blocks of kitchen-gardening. Edgar Schein, one of the most bad theorists of organizational culture, gave the fol meeking very general definitionThe culture of a convention rear now be defined as A intent of sh atomic number 18d basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to rising members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. (Schein 373-374)The pattern of sh bed values, beliefs and assumptions considered to be the appropriate way to think and act within an organization.Culture is sh ardCulture helps members solve problemsCulture is taught to newcomersCulture strongly influences behaviorLayers of Culture1.1 Elements of cultureG. Johnson described a cultural web, identifying a number of elements that can be utilize to describe or influence Organizational CultureThe Paradigm What the organization is active what it does its mission its values.Control Systems The processes in place to observe what is going on. Role cultures would keep up vast rulebooks. There would be more reliance on individualism in a power culture.Organizational Structures reportage lines, hierarchies, and the way that work flows through and through the business.Power Structures Who makes the decisions, how widely spread is power, and on what is power based?Symbols These include organizational logos and designs, but also pass to symbols of power such as parking spaces and executive washrooms.Rituals and Routines Management meetings, board reports and so on whitethorn become more habitual than necessary.Stories and Myths build up about people and events, and convey a message about what is valued within the organization.These elements whitethorn all(a) overlap. Power structures may depend on control systems, which may exploit the very rituals that generate stories which may not be true.1.2 Dimensions of Organizational CultureInnovation and risk-takingThe degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and satiate risks.Attention to detailThe degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail.Outcome orientationThe degree to which management guidancees on results or burdens rather than on technique and process.Peopl e orientationThe degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.1.3 Keeping a Culture springyTo keep the culture alive of an organization following are to be considered-SelectionIdentify and hire individuals who give fit in with the culture devolve ManagementSenior executives establish and communicate the norms of the organizationSocialization1.4. Profiles of the edgeIntroduction to ICICIICICI was formed in 1955 at the initiative of the World bevel, the Government of India and representatives of Indian industry. ICICI Bank (BSE ICICI) (formerly Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) is Indias largest clannish sphere of influence bank by commercialise capitalization and guerilla largest overall in terms of assets. Its industry basically includes banking, insurance capital alliance. It has abouta nedeucerk of 1,668 branches and about 4,883 ATMs in India and presence in 18 countries as well a s some 24 million clients (at the end of July 2007). The Bank is expanding in overseas markets and has the largest international balance sheet among Indian banks. ICICI Bank now has wholly- have subsidiaries, branches and representatives blank spaces in 18 countries, including an offshore unit in Mumbai.ICICI Bank is also the largest nationalr of credit cards in India. It is the most valuable bank in India in terms of market capitalization. ICICI Bank offers a wide range of banking products and financial serve to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and through its vary subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of investment banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management.The principal objective was to create a development financial institution for providing medium-term and long-term envision financing to Indian businesses. ICICI was the prototypic one to introduce the concept of branding in the Indian banking industry .ICICI Bank is one of the puffy Four Banks of India with State Bank of India, Axis Bank and HDFC Bank.Introduction to HDFCHdfc bank is one of the popular undercover sector banks. It was established in 1994.the undecomposed name of hdfc bank is Housing cultivation Finance Corporation. It was the first bank to receive an approval from RBI for setting up bank in private sector. This bank was incorporated with the name HDFC bank ltd. and the registered head office of hdfc bank is in Mumbai. At present the bank is having total no. of 1412 branches and over 3275 ATMs across IndiaMAJOR POINTSIn 2002 HDFC bank witnessed and its conjugation with times bank limited .with this both HDFC and times bank become the first two private banks in new generation private sector banks.In 2008 RBI approved merger of Centurian bank of Punjab with HDFC bank. With this merger the total deposit reached RS 1,22,000 Crore. While advances were RS 89,000 crore and balance sheet size was RS 1,63,000 crore.All the branches of the bank are online connected with the other ensuring speedy funds transfer for the customers. The bank is Continuously using up to date technology along with market position to build maximum market share.CAPITAL STRUCTUREHDFC banks total authorized capital is RS 550 crore at present from this the paid up amount is 424.6 crore. HDFC group holds 19.4%. The bank has about 5, 70,000 share holders. Its share dress a listing on the stock exchange (Mumbai and national stock exchange).hdfc banks American depository shares are listed on the brisk York stock exchange (NYSE).Introduction to SBISBI, the state bank of India is a public sector bank. It was founded in 1806 in Kolkata as Bank of Calcutta. Its headquarters are chanced in Corporate nubble, Madam CamaRoad, Mumbai400 021 India. It includes the banking, insurance and capital market industry. The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of nineteenth century, when theBank of Calcutta, later renamed theBank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806.The Bank of Bengal and two other governing body banks, namely, theBank of Bombay(incorporated on 15 April 1840) and theBank of Madras(incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated asjoint stock companies, and were the result of the munificent charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of the mental reservation Bank of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the reorganized banking entity took as its name regal Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company.The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of 19th century, when theBank of Calcutta, later renamed theBank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal and two other Presidency banks, namely, theBank of Bombay(incorporated on 15 April 1840 ) and theBank of Madras(incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated asjoint stock companies, and were the result of theroyal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of theReserve Bank of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the reorganized banking entity took as its nameImperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company.Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act (1955), theReserve Bank of India, which isIndiaHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_BankHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Banks central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 30 April 1955 the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. TheGovt. of Indiarecently acquired the Reserve Bank of Indias stake in SBI so as to crawfish a ny conflict of interest because the RBI is the countrys banking regulatory authority.In 1959 the Government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, enabling the State Bank of India to take over eightsome former State-associated banks as its subsidiaries. OnSept 13, 2008,State Bank of Saurashtra, one of its Associate Banks, merged with State Bank of India.State Bank of India is one of theBig Four Banksof India withICICI Bank,Axis HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_BankBankandHDFC Bank.Introduction to Punjab national bankThe Punjab topic Bank or PNB is one of the well known commercial and banking institutions India .it is the second largest government owned commercial bank in the country and offers financial works in public sector. Around 37 million customers are served by the bank on an average basis. The customized facilities and services make it a trusted name in the domain of banking.Growth of pnbPunjab National Bank was registered under the Indian Compan ies Act on 19 May in the year 1894 and its first office was set up at Anarkali Bazaar in Lahore. Since then, the bank has become a colossal name in the field of banking and is very much preferred by the customers for the wide range of its services. Today, the bank has around 4,904 branches.Due to its facilities and services of high standards, Punjab National Bank has also been the recipient of a number of prestigious awards.Punjab National Bank offers financial solutions and services in an array of sectors. All these services that are offered keep pace with the changing market trends in order to fulfill the contains and preferences of the customers. Some of the well known sectors on which the main functions of the bank are based arePersonal BankingCorporate BankingAgriculture finance servicesIndustrial finance servicesTrade financial servicesInternational banking services2. RATIONALE OF STUDYIn the past few decades, the concept of organizational culture has gained wide acceptance as a way to understand human systems. From an open-systems perspective, each aspect of organizational culture can be seen as an important environmental condition affecting the system and its subsystems. The examination of organizational culture is also a valuable analytical tool in its own right. This composition tries to find out the variations that prevail in public sector banks with that of private sector banks with respect of the dimensions, artifacts and power structure etc. this field of view also tries to find out the relationship betwixt organization culture and motivational take of the employees.3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE3.1 Schein 1998We can aslo charactertise culture as consisting of three take aims. The most visible level is behavior and atrifacts.this is the obserable level of culture and consist of behavior patterns and superficial manifestations of culture perquistes provided to executives, dress code, level of technology utilized and the physical layout of the wor k spaces. All may be physical indcators of culture, but different to interpret. Artifacts and behavior may also tell us what a group is doing, but not why.3.2 Koen 2009While both the strategic management and the network literature recognize the grandeur of inter-firm relationships for explaining competitive advantage, the question why firms differ in their ability to benefit from these relationships is rarely addressed. This study aims to begin to fill this gap in the literature and fence in that organizational culture is an important factor influencing the relationship skills of a firm, defined as a firms ability to manage its ties with other firms, whether these are customers, suppliers, or service providers. The inquiryer assume relationship skills to be especially relevant for the formation and victuals of close and durable transaction ties. The researcher tested the model on a dataset of 127 Dutch inter-firm relations and find general support. Specifically, researcher find that firms with organizational cultures characterised by an orientation towards stability and predictability, a positive orientation towards innovation, and not characterized by a strong focus on immediate results, score high on relationship skills. Relationship skills, in turn, are found to have a positive influence on the outcomes of inter-firm relationships in terms of learning, achieving innovations and gaining new contacts, but not in terms of immediate (financial) results.3.3 Indian Association of computational Mechanism conflict types and post of organization culture (2004)The potential positive or negative consequence of relationship conflict versus task conflict for group members and organizations continues to be a controversial topic. Whereas a certain amount of agreement exists on the negative consequences of relationship conflict, the evidence for task conflict is not as conclusive. This has led some authors (De Dreu Weingart, 2003a,b) to propose a contingence perspe ctive. This article continues this approach and analyzes the influence of types of conflict on group members satisfaction and wellbeing, considering the moderating role that organizational culture plays in this relationship. Two types of service organization have been studied private organizations with a high goal oriented culture, and public organizations with a low goal oriented culture. Results show that a) relationship conflict decreases both public and private workers job satisfaction and affective wellbeing b) task conflicts decrease private organization workers satisfaction and affective wellbeing, while this dysfunctional effect is absent in public organizations c) goal orientation moderates the effect of task conflict in private organizations and d) support orientation moderates the effect of task conflict in public organizations.3.4 Berrio Organizational Culture Assessment Using the Competing Values FrameworkThe coeval definition of organizational culture (OC) includes w hat is valued, the dominant leadership style, the language and symbols, the procedures and routines, and the definitions of success that characterizes an organization. OC represents the values, underlying assumptions, expectations, collective memories, and definitions present in an organization (Schein, 1992 Cameron Quinn, 1999). Cameron and Quinn (1999) have developed an organizational culture framework built upon a theoretical model called the Competing Values Framework. This framework refers to whether an organization has a predominant internal or external focus and whether it strives for flexibility and individuality or stability and control. The framework is also based on six organizational culture dimensions and four dominant culture types (i.e., clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy). In addition the framework authors generated an Organizational Culture Assessment instrumental role (OCAI) which is used to identify the organizational culture profile based on the core values , assumptions, interpretations, and approaches that characterize organizations (Cameron Quinn, 1999). The central issue associated with organizational culture is its linkage with organizational performance. Connections between OC and performance have been established. An increasing body of evidence supports a linkage between an organizations culture and its business performance. In the business arena, evidence has confirmed that companies which put emphasis in key managerial components, such as customers, stakeholders and employees, and leadership, outperform those that do not have these cultural characteristics (Kotter Heskett,1992 Wagner Spencer, 1996). The competing values framework can be used in constructing an organizational culture profile. Through the use of the OCAI, an organizational culture profile can be commitn by establishing the organizations dominant culture type characteristics. In this respect the overall culture profile of an organization can be identified asC lan an organization that concentrates on internal maintenance with flexibility, concern for people, and sensitivity for customers.Hierarchy an organization that focuses on internal maintenance with a need for stability and control.Adhocracy an organization that concentrates on external positioning with a high degree of flexibility and individuality.Market an organization that focuses on external maintenance with a need for stability and control.The culture of Ohio State University Extension plays an important role in the way Extension personnel plan, implement, and evaluate educational programs. OSU Extension is perceived by its personnel to be an institution devoted to satisfying the needs and wants of its clients through programs that are clearly defined, sensible to public needs, eternally monitored for success, and pro-actively implemented.3.5 KAVANAGH ASHKANASY Impact of Leadership and Change Management Strategy on Organizational Culture in Case of MergerThis study reports a longitudinal study that examined mergers between three large multi-site public-sector organizations. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis are used to examine the effect of leadership and change management strategies on acceptance of cultural change by individuals. Findings indicate that in many cases the change that occurs as a result of a merger is imposed on the leaders themselves, and it is often the pace of change that inhibits the successful re-engineering of the culture. In this respect, the success or otherwise of any merger hinges on individual perceptions about the agency in which the process is handled and the deviseion in which the culture is moved. Communication and a transparent change process are important, as this go forth often determine not merely how a leader ordain be regarded, but who will be regarded as a leader. Leaders need to be fitted and trained in the process of transforming organizations to ensure that individuals within the organ ization accept the changes prompted by a merger.3.6 Westerns survey of Organizational culture (2003)In December 2003, Westerns academic and Administrative Leaders and Managers received the results of Westerns survey of organizational culture, completed in July 2003. Staff academic and administrative leaders from 33 different groupings had an opportunity to react to survey questions regarding What is expected, from a person in your role, to fit in and meet expectations here. A report for Western as a whole was compiled, and the leaders of the 33 groups were invited to requisition confidential sub-group reports for their own areas.The initiative was undertaken on behalf of the University by Human Resources to provide a) information for focussing leader, staff, and organizational development initiatives, and b) baseline data for evaluating the outcomes of these initiatives over the next 3 years. The survey will be repeated in 2007. seek on organizational culture conducted by the surv ey company used (Human Synergistics) shows that performance feedback systems and leadership practice exert the greatest influence on culture. Culture, in turn, can be correlated with levels of role clarity, role consistency, employee satisfaction, and commitment to customer service. Western has committed resources to enhance leadership practice, support campus-wide staff development, improve work systems, and more closely integrate academic and administrative leadership, so that all work is clearly aligned with Westerns academic mission. In an effort to enhance positive aspects of Westerns culture and to decrease negative aspects, leaders can now draw on research regarding the levers for change for influencing organizational culture. Areas to improve include communication processes, work design, the performance feedback system, and the participative dimension of the operational planning process.3.7 McMurray- Organizational Climate and Organizational Culture (2003)This multi-method study explored the relationship between organizational humor and organizational culture in a newly emerging university. Organizational temper was explored through the distribution of a survey to 145 academic staff. An 88% response rate yielded 128 responses. To uncover the organizational culture, semi-structured interviews were, conducted with the Deputy Vice-Chancellor, the Deputy Principal, 7 Deans, and 15 Centre Heads from the various faculties. The study uncovered the ways in which organizational culture evolves and becomes intertwined with organizational climate. The data yielded new insights as to the ways in which organizational climate and culture intersect. This has particular relevance at the sub-unit level where climate features are most positive in those faculties whose subcultures are congruent with the leadership culture, and are to the lowest degree positive in faculty subcultures that are incongruent with the leadership.3.8 Purang- HRD Climate in Public and privat e organizationsMost researchers agree that a congenial HRD climate is highly important for the ultimate achevement of the business goals. It is a phenemenon experienced by the employees and often reffered to by expressions like environment, atmosphere and so on. Climate at the individual level is a summary perception of the organizations work environment that is descriptivr rather than evaluative in nature. Another approach to the climate is the cultural approach, which proposes that the climate arises from the intersubjectivety of the members as they interact within a context established by an organizations culture. In the indian context type of organization influences the culture prevalent in the organization. Since climate is an outcome of culture this study compares the HRD climate perceptions of public and private organizations. The study compares the perception of middle level managers from different organizations and gives the conclusion that in government organizatons there is need to improve HRD climate.3.9 Srimannarayana HRD climate in Dubai BankBased on the resonses of 212 employees working in a local bank in dubai, the study attempts to assess the HRD climate in a bank through a questionaire containing 38 items. The area of difference were identified in this study among the various categories of HRD climate. An attempt was made to find out the difference in the perception of HRD climate among the employees, based on position, nationality, gender and age and gives the conclusion that personal power bases had a strong direct effect on job satisfaction.both position and personal power are positevely related to job satisfaction.3.10 Sengupta- Gender, work and organization cultureOrganizations work in affable milieu and therefore the socio cultural factors greatly affect the organizational culture. The social role perception seemed to have a bearing on the structural role of men and women in the organization. The study aimed to examine the impact of s ocial role on organization culture and managerial work behavior. The study concluded that managerial behavior is culturally influnced and women managers are percieved as equally competent as male managers.SCOPE OF THE STUDY4.1 Universe/Population of the studyThe universe or the population of the study is confined to the four organizations viz, State bank of India, icici bank, hdfc bank and pnb4.2 Category of respondentsThe respondents will be selected from the different levels of the management as per the need of the study. The respondents will be selected using the stratified random sampling.4.3 Region of the studyThe study will be confined to the region of jalandhar city only, the reason for this confinement to jalandhar only is due to time and cost constraints.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY5.1 Objectives Of the StudyTo study and describe the prevailing organization culture of Private and Public sector banks in terms of -ArtifactsBeliefs, Values and AssumptionsDimentions of Organizational C ultureRelationship between organization culture and structureRelationship between organization culture and power structure.To study the effect of promotion policies and subsequent employees turnover rate the comparison of the two orgaizations.To study the impact of organization culture on employees motivation level of two organizations.5.2 Sample Size and DesignSampling is an essential technique in the field of research, Probably no concept is as fundamental to conduct research and interpretation of its results as is sampling. In survey kind of studies, the population under investigation is quite large, making it practically impossible for researcher to research either member of the population. The conclusions will be drawn and generalizations will be made on the basis of examination of some part of the whole population and this is termed as sampling. The population of study will consist of total number of employees working in the four banks.In this study the sample will selected from the head office of all four banks in jalandhar named as state bank of india, Punjab national bank, hdfc and icici. For this purpose the whole the population will be divided into 5 categories i.e. M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5.5.3 method of Data CollectionThe feedback forms will be used for the purpose of data collection. The feedback will be directly given to the respondents. The instructions will be clearly given on the feedback forms to facilitate easy and accurate responses but in order to avoid biasness in the responses the purpose of the study will not disclosed. The respondents will be assured that the record would be kept confidential. if they faced any difficulty in understanding any item the meaning will be readily explained without biasing their responses in case of direct filling of questionnaire. These feedback forms will be given to whole of the sample and the feedback will be analyzed as after.5.4 Instrument to be UsedThe study will be conducted using pre-structured que stionnaire. To facilitate answering, the questions will be developed in simple words, to convey the real and full meaning. The questionnaire will be also pre-tested to see whether the respondents would face any difficulty in understanding and answering the questions.The questionnaire will be divided into two parts. The first part of the questionnaire will aim at getting basic information relating to the respondents socio-economic background such as age, education, marital status, occupation, monthly income etc. and in the second part of the study the detailed information for the motivation level and impact of other cultural variables among employees.5.5 Statistical Analysis and ToolsThe data, after collection will be processed and analyzed, comparisons and analysis will be made. Thus, in the process of analysis, relationships or differences supporting or conflicting with original or new hypothesis will be subjected to statistical tests of significance to determine with what validity data can be said to indicate any conclusion5.6 Proposed PlanIntroductionResearch MethodologyIntroduction to the companyData presentationAnalysisConclusionBibliography5.6 Limitations of the studyThe study do not take all the issues relating to the organization culture due to time constraint, but an attempt is made to cover all the important issues in the study.There may be some bias in the responses which cannot be ruled out. i.e. some of the feedbacks may not be given with honesty.

Health and safety hazards to workers

wellness and unspoiledty hazards to scarperersIn Mauritius, we have five regional hospitals namely SSRNH, Victoria Hospital, Nehru Hospital, Jeetoo Hospital and Flacq Hospital and opposite small specialised hospitals such(prenominal) as ENT Hospital, Moka Eye Hospital and Brown Sequard Hospital. Each regional hospital consists of a CSSD unit respectively which cater for the furnish of barren items to the hospital and to health centres which falls under the catchment argona of that regional hospital. Although, the CSSD is a small unit in that hospital, its comportment and service is of great greatness to the healthc argon staff, patients and to the public in general. The exponent of the CSSD is to prevent cross- infection and contamination of the patients, staff and visitors by sterilising all equipment and instruments which aid in providing the best c ar to the patients.It is clock to think about the health and safety of the take oners of Central Sterile tack Departme nt (CSSD). In order to cheer and to prevent the staff of the CSSD from injuries and illnesses, it is important to strike the health and safety hazards that atomic number 18 present at each level and in each argona of the CSSD. After identification of these hazards is carried out, appropriate preventive mea receiveds essential be adopted if not to eliminate the hazards completely, but at least to minimise the expo au indeedtic of the staff to these hazards so that they sens work in a safer environs reconcile from injuries, accidents and occupational diseases.For the purpose of this project, the Hazard Identification was carried out at the CSSD of SSRN Hospital.AbbreviationsCSSD Central Sterile Supplies DepartmentSSRNH Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National HospitalPPE Personal protecting(prenominal) EquipmentEtO Ethylene OxideHIV -Human Immunodeficiency VirusOSHA 2005 -Occupational Health and Safety 2005-HBV Hepatitis B VirusMSD Musculoskeletal Disorders1.0 INTRODUCTIONHosp itals are such familys where people get treatment for their illnesses, injuries and diseases. much a(prenominal) of these diseases are ca phthisis by biologic agents such as bacteria, vir personas and fungi. Thus, in hospitals there is lavishly incidence of disease-causing micro-organisms which sack up spread from patient to patient or from patient to health care personnel or from the equipment and other materials that are apply while giving care to the patients. It is the traffic of the staff not only if to cure the diseases of the patients but at the same time to prevent the transmission of diseases from one person to another. An effective measure to prevent spreading of the diseases is in making sure that all the items that are used in the care of the patients are sterilized. Many of the instruments and materials used in the hospitals are sort of expensive and are so intentional that they can be reused.The importance of a CSSD in a hospital is to provide sterile ite ms at the required time and place in the hospital. The CSSD of a hospital receives stores, sterilises and distributes to all the departments including the wards, outpatient department and other special unit such as the operation theatre. The main duty of the CSSD is the sterilization of items such as catheters, tubings, surgical instruments, treatment trays and sets and dressings materials. Although, CSSD aims at providing sterile items so as to prevent the spread of infection and in several(prenominal) ways to protect hospital staff and patients from biological hazards, the CSSD itself is prone to various hazards. So, to be able to identify the health and safety hazards that workers face, we must first know the activities that are carried out in the CSSD.2.0 The objectives of the CSSDTo provide sterile veiling packs cotton wool and equipment to all units of the hospital and to Area Health Centers, and Community Health Centers within the catchment area of a regional hospital.To ensure that prissy cleaning, disinfecting and sterilising process of items is being carried out in the department.To keep an inventory of all supplies and equipment.To meet the demand of its customers, i.e. different units in supplying the requisiteed amount of sterile items to them.To contribute to a great boundary in preventing cross-infection by effective running of the department.To take some of the work of the nursing staff so that they can give more time to the patients.To make expensive equipment which are not used so often reusable.To provide a safe functional environment for the staff.3.0 The organisational structure of the CSSD at SSRNHThe CSSD has manpower of 26 workers 1 Superintendent, 2 Supervisors, 17 CSSD Assistants and 6 CSSD Attendants.The Head of the Department is the Superintendent and is the one who liaises with other heads of different departments.The supervisors are responsible for monitoring the duties of the assistants and to ensure the smooth running o f the unit. They are excessively responsible for the effective delivery of sterile items to the required units.The CSSD Assistants are those workers who perform nigh of the duties in the unit.The attendants are mainly concerned with manual handling, collecting and delivering items to other departments of the hospital.An organisational chart is as belowCSSD SuperintendentCSSD SupervisorsCSSD AssistantsCSSD Attendants4.0 CSSD De bell ringerFImagesP2108_26-04-10.JPG5.0 The Sterile Supply Cycle6.0 The different areas of the CSSDThe CSSD is divided into four major areasSorting and DecontaminationAssembly and PackagingSterilisingSterile Storage and Distribution1. Sorting and Decontamination AreaHere the instruments are cleaned and washed. For the purpose of cleaning and washing, chemical detergents and disinfectants such as javel, alcohol and soaps are used. The instruments are washed in basin using plenty amount of pissing. It is only after this process that the instruments are safe t o be handled. Also, choose of instruments is carried out, disassembling of the instruments is done when fateed and the CSSD assistants inspect the items for cleanliness and damage.2. Assembly and Packaging AreaFollowing decontamination, the items are not hold ining sorted, reassembled and packaged. Here, reusable linens such as surgical gowns, green sheets drapes are packed in individual special wrapping paper. cotton wool rolls are place in carton boxes. Gauze pieces are cut into smaller sizes and are wrapped individually. Clean instruments are placed in trays (either small or spacious depending on the surgical intervention during which they are going to be used) and are then packed in double wrapping papers. Autoclave tapes are used to hold the surgical items packed for sterilisation intact. These tapes have white indicator lines which turn to black lines after sterilization, then gartering the user to make sure that the pack is sterile.3. The Sterilising AreaHere the packe d items then undergo a process known as sterilization. This involves the killing of any potential pathogen on the items. Normally, some(prenominal) methods of sterilisation exit but steam and ethylene oxide sterilization are most commonly used.4. Sterile Storage and Distribution AreaThe sterile items are then stored in the storehouse area arranged neatly on different shelves. From there, the sterile items are then distributed to respective units.7.0 The Sterilising ProcessThe CSSD attendants collect used instruments and equipment, empty carton boxes for cotton wool and the CSSD book (in which the head of the unit jots down the number of each sterile items he needs) from respective units of the hospital.With the introduction of unused technologies, old methods of sterilisation such as boiling and vaporization have been replaced by two main methods of sterilization namely1. Autoclaving, i.e. steam sterilisation2. particle accelerator sterilisation using ethylene oxide.The items th at are sterilised in the CSSD areCloth, i.e. green sheets drapesGauzeCotton woolInstrumentsPre-sterilisationPrior to sterilisation, all the items must be prepared through a process known as pre-sterilisation.The pre-sterilisation process for the items that have to be sterilised is as follows1. ClothThe clean linen are folded, and then wrapped in a special paper. The packed linen is then sealed with sterilisers tape.2. GauzeThe gauze are cut into uniform pieces and make into either large gauze or small gauze. They are then packed in paper into individual packs and are sealed with autoclave tapes.3. Cotton woolThe cotton wool is made into small rolls from large bundles and placed in small carton boxes which are then sealed on the sides with autoclave tapes.4. InstrumentsThe instruments are first checked for soil, they are then washed and placed in trays or individual sets depending on the requisition of the respective unit. They are then packed in double special paper wrappers and se aled with autoclave tapes.SterilisationIt is a process used to make a medium free from micro-organisms including bacterial spores. Sterilisation can be done through heat, chemicals, irradiation and high pressure.In the CSSD at SSRNH, two types of sterilisation is being used mess up SterilisationSteam SterilisationGas SterilisationUsing ethylene oxide. This method of sterilization can be used to sterilise those items that can with jut temperatures of 50-60C. A long period of aeration is required to finish off all traces of ethylene oxide.Autoclaving, i.e. Steam SterilisationIt is the most reliable process of sterilization. It sterilises with steam under pressure. The high pressure also ensures saturation of wrapped surgical packs. Autoclaving is one of the most effective methods for destruction of all types of micro-organisms. The amount of time and degree of temperature necessary for sterilisation depend on the articles to be sterilised.8.0 LITERATURE REVIEWThe aims of Occupational Health and Safety areTo promote and maintain a high degree of material, amiable and social well-being of workers in their respective workplaceTo prevent adverse effects on the health of the workers that can be due to the running(a) conditionsTo protect the workers at their workplace from endangerments resulting from factors adverse to healthTo provide the workers with such working environment that suits their physiologic and mental needsthe adaptation of work to humans.We can thus say that occupational health and safety englobes the social, mental and physical well-being of workers. A healthy workplace means a safe workplace where the workers yield for be in an environment where the hazards moving-picture show is quite minimised if not eliminated completely.Occupational health and safety is important as work out plays a major role in peoples lives, since most workers spend at least eight hours a day in the workplace. Therefore, work environments should be safe and healthy. But, this is not the case for many workers. Every day workers all over the world face many health hazards, such asdustsgasesnoisevibrationextreme temperatures.As a result of the hazards and a lack of attention given to health and safety, work- cogitate accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the world.Appropriate and effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to protect the workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety programmes can also have positive effects on both(prenominal) worker morale and productivity and can thus be beneficial to the organisation. At the same time, effective programmes can save employers a great the great unwashed of money.There are many hazards that might exist in any workplace such aschemical hazards in the form of liquids, solids, dusts, fumes, vapors and gasesphysical hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactory lighting, radiation and extreme temperaturesbiological hazards, such as bacteria, vir uses and fungipsychological hazard as a result of focus and strainhazards related to the non-application of ergonomic principles, like fearfully designed machinery, mechanical devices and tools that will be used by workers, im suitable seating and floratation design, or seedy designed work practices.Workers often get work-related health problems and do not realise that the problems are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease, for example, is in the early stages. similarly the other more obvious benefits of training, such as skills development, hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive training programme in each workplace will help workers torecognise early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases out front they become permanent conditionsassess their work environmentinsist that management to make changes before hazardous conditions can develop.Previous research on CSSD shows thatAccording to Linda Clement, Items processed in the decontamin ation areas are potentially pathogenic and pose a potential flick risk to employees working in these areas. She also stated that to prevent cross contamination, keen infection prevention processes must be put into practice. Also, the housekeeping procedures should be the same as those that are used in operation theatre and delivering rooms and that all horizontal working surfaces and the floors should be cleaned daily. The checkup equipment poses a risk of image to blood and bodily soils, and other safety hazards before or during processing. So, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn by the workers, they should adopt good work practices and have to follow the manufacturers instructions. Whether it is a sterilizer, a washer/disinfector, an endoscope or a surgical instrument, it is best to follow the device manufacturers instructions found in operator manuals and other product documentation for handling, operation, cleaning and disinfecting medical equipmen t.As per John Brown, All personnel working in the decontamination area should wear clean, facility-provided uniforms that are donned at the facility. Also, workers should use general purpose utility gloves, gown, a surgical face mask and goggles while working in the decontamination area. During maintenance procedures, excess PPE is necessary including eye protection and steel-toed shoes should be worn at all times to protect from sharp and heavy objects from causing injury to workers feet. welt gloves while handling potentially sharp objects, stainless steel panels and plumbing piping gloves and heat- disgustful arm sleeves must be worn while working more or less steam piping and face shield when using cleaning chemicals.(Infection Control Today-Jennifer Schraag April 08)8.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS8.1.1 SafetyThe primary areas of potential hazards include environmental, electrical, mechanical, chemical, biological, fire and physical. The work performed in the CSSD need special attention to avoid injury to the workers and sometimes visitors such as nursing staff. Most workplace injuries and accidents are caused by neglect, negligence or lack of understanding of the principles of safety. Safety is every workers responsibility so as protects oneself and also the equipment in the CSSD which is governments property.8.1.2 Chemical HazardThese hazards are present when a worker is exposed to any chemicals in the workplace, be it solid, liquid or gas. Some of these chemicals are safer than others, but some workers who are sensitive to chemicals, even those that are commonly used solutions can cause illness, scramble irritation or breathing problems.In the decontamination area, the use of chemicals for cleaning purposes is necessary. These chemicals are caustic soda, javel, methyl spirit, soaps and detergents. p blisteringo may result when the workers do not use necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) while handling these hazardous chemicals found in soaps, disinfectors and cleaners. motion-picture show to these substances can cause contact dermatitis, excoriation of the skin and ulcers. Prolonged and persistent exposure may end up in allergic reactions or hypersensitivity.8.1.3Ethylene Oxide (EtO) HazardsEtO possesses several physical and health hazards that really need much attention. EtO is a liquid below 51.7 F, or a gas that has ether-like odour at concentrations above 700 parts per million (ppm) and is both flammable and highly reactive. The current OSHA Permissible mental picture Limit (PEL) to EtO is 1ppm for an 8-hour time weighted average.Normally, EtO sterilization is done for items which cannot be exposed to steam sterilization. Exposure hazards normally results from improper ventilation in ethylene oxide chamber after the sterilising process, during off-gassing of sterilized items or due to leakage from pipe connection. Hazards can also eliminate when removing sterilized items from the sterilizer or even when ever-chan ging bottles of EtO gas.Health effects of EtO areEye irritation and injury to cornea, frostbite and on lengthy skin exposure, severe irritation and blistering of the skin can happen.Gastric irritation and injury to the liver can result from accidental ingestion of EtO.Inhalation of EtO vapours may cause respiratory irritation and lung injury, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath and cyanosis.Risk of cancer, adverse reproductive effects and chromosomal damage can result from prolonged exposure to EtO.8.1.4 Biological HazardIn the decontamination area, workers may be injured from contaminated sharp instruments such as needles and scalpels, while sorting, cleaning and washing. Soiled, reusable instruments are considered to be contaminated with bacteria and other micro-organisms, which can cause illness to the staff. Exposure to infected material can cause diseases such as viral Hepatitis and HIV. Contamination is liable to decease due to presence of blood borne p athogens found in soiled drapes and pointed objects, e.g needles. Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with the blood or body fluid of an infected person on soiled drapes or surgical instruments which in turn land up in the CSSD for sterilisation.8.1.5 Ergonomics related hazardsWhen the physical requirements of a job and the physical capacity of a worker do not match, it can cause in work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD). Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work, body position and working conditions put strain on the body. A worker will not notice the strain immediately .For short-term exposure, a worker can get sore muscles the next day or in the days following exposure, but long term exposure can end in serious long-term injuries. These hazards may be due tobad lightingnot properly adjusted workstations and chairsfrequent liftingbad posturerepetitive awkward movementstoo much force is needed to do a work and it has to be done quite often.In the CSSD, workers are exposed to repetitiveness of works, prolonged standing and reaching out while sorting instruments, uncomfortable sitting postures on chairs which are non-ergonomically designed during trimming of gauze and putting cotton wool rolls in boxes. The workers have to bend frequently while lifting heavy loads, need to reach high storage shelves or need to push or pull heavy carts loaded with sterile or unsterile items, all this can lead to MSD. Contact trauma to forearm can also occur if the workers the wrists are placed on hard surfaces.8.1.6 Physical HazardsThese are the most common and can be present in most workplaces at anytime. They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and death. Sometimes bad working practices are used so often that they become the routine works habits and might be not considered as hazards to workers. But still these hazards cannot be accepted in a workplace.Physical hazards includeelectrical hazardsconstant specious noisehigh exposure to heats lips/trips and falls.Burns and cutsWorkers are exposed to burns and cuts during handling of hot sterilised items or sharp instruments when removing them from autoclaves.Slips/Trips/FallsExposure to slippery floors can occur to spills of detergents and presence of water on the floors while cleaning and washing of instruments is being done in the decontamination area. In the sterilizing area because of the use of steam in autoclaving processes, the environment inside the room will be humid and may cause the floor to be slippery.Electrical HazardsAll electrical devices should be inspected upon arrival in the CSSD. Improper grounding and earthing facilities can prove to be dangerous. Regular maintenance and repairs of the equipment in the CSSD should be documented and proper records should be kept up(p). Electrical cords lying on the floors can cause workers to trip over them and the cords can also be exposed to weture floors and cause electrocution. The use of extension cords should be avoided and electrical sockets should not be installed next to washing basins or near any source of water. insecure electrical installations by incompetent persons can give rise to electrical hazards. All electrical installations should have protective devices such as circuit breakers, fuses, counterbalance Current Devices so that the electrical equipment are safe from overvoltage and excessive current. Unsafe work practices can lead to electrical accidents.HeatExposure to hot environment can lead to heat stress, heat exhaustion, and cramps. This can happen when workers are unloading items once autoclaving is completed. As autoclaving uses steam, the atmosphere in the sterilising area becomes very moist and the temperature in that unit is quite raised when the autoclaves are in operation. The workers feel very hot and also very uncomfortable to work in such conditions. Sweaty palms, fogged-up safety glasses and dizziness caused by the heat can increase risk of injuries in worke rs. Burns can also occur due to accidental contact with hot surfaces of autoclaves or with accidental opening of the autoclave door or due to improper closing of the door causing steam to escape. inflammation HazardsEtO is used for gas sterilising. EtO is a highly flammable gas and improper ventilation system and leakage of the gas-line can cause accumulation of EtO in the CSSD, the use of cigarettes by staff in addition to the EtO in the air may cause a fire outbreak or even an explosion. Improper storage of flammable gases and liquids can have adverse effects and may result in fire.Improper maintenance of electrical equipment and aging electrical cords, with the presence of water can be a source of static electricity, sparks or minor combustion which can ultimately lead to a fire due to presence of large amount of combustible materials such as gauze, linen cotton, boxes, and paper wrappers in the CSSD.8.1.7 Latex AllergyWorkers normally wear latex gloves during handling and sortin g of contaminated instruments and equipment is done. Some workers can develop allergy to the latex.9.0 LEGISLATIONThe only legislative body concerned with the health and safety of workers in Mauritius is the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2005. The Superintendent, Supervisors and all the CSSD staff should be familiar with this Act as each worker will know about his rights and what work he should or should not do as per law and what protection he should have for doing a particular task.10.0 RECOMMENDATIONSGeneral RecommendationsAn effective measure to prevent workers from hazards exposure is regular job rotation to different areas of the CSSD. The employees should be provided with gowns, hair covers and shoe covers while at work. During cleaning and washing of equipments, the workers should be provided with rubber gloves and aprons. While removing carts and trays from the hot sterilisers leather gloves should be worn by the staff. Frequent hand washing with good hand washing tech niques will contribute to a great extent in preventing cross-infection. It is highly recommended to the workers not to wear any jewels, e.g. rings and nail varnish while washing the instruments and while packing the items for sterilisation.Workers must adopt safe work practices so as to prevent accidents, injuries and illnesses. Taking the necessary safety precautions while performing the required task can practically eliminate associated dangers. It is the duty of all workers to comply with specific health and safety precautions so to protect themselves from any hazard that might be present in the CSSD.Recommendations for Chemical Hazards look must be worn when washing and cleaning instruments as there is risk of chemicals being splashed into the eyes.Appropriate PPE such as gloves, goggles, splash aprons should be worn by workers so as to protect them while using detergents and chemicals in the decontamination area.In case of splash of chemicals into the eyes, the workers should f lush the eyes immediately for at least 15 mins. Thus, suitable facilities for eye flashing should e situated within the working area.Recommendations for EtOUse proper ventilation especially for the Eto Room local exhaust ventilation system should be installed.Workers exposure to EtO should be minimised when sterilization is being carried outThe door of the sterilizer should be opened no more than two inches to allow the load to off gas before transferring them to carts. Installation of a ventilated exhaust hood installation would be very useful.For changing of cylinders, appropriate PPE such as butyl apron, gloves, and a canister respirator is recommended.Recommendations for Biological HazardsUse protective glove for cleaning and decontamination, shoes should be unappealing and resistant to puncture, goggles for eye, face mask or face shield and plastic apron.Training in of handling of sharp equipment should be given to the workers.Engineering and Work Practice Controls must be the primary means used to eliminate or minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens.Engineering Controls are measures (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, and safer medical devices, such as sharps injury protections) that isolate or remove the blood borne pathogens hazard from the workplace.Use of resistant puncture sharp containers with biohazard symbol. Container to be make full to the mark and the container should not have any leakage.Recommendations for Ergonomics Related HazardsWorkstation need to be redesigned so packaging and equipment are within reachable levels and the elbows are maintained close to the body.The wheels for the carts should be such that they are easily rolled.Prolonged overhead activity need to be minimised (e.g. storage shelves should be lowered to shoulder height).Height-adjustable work surfaces should be used or tables have to be lifted to minimise head tilt.Repetitive tasks should be prevented by rotating workers to different work area. The edge of the working surfaces which come into contact with the elbow or forearm should be padded to prevent contact trauma.Sit/stand stools may be provided in the working area.Anti-fatigue mats have to be used.Shoes with well-cushioned insteps and soles should be worn by workers in case there is no floor mats.Foot rest bar should be provided to the staff so can they continually alter their posture by raising one foot.Padded Work SurfacesPadded Work SurfacesRecommendations for Burns and Cuts close work practices should be established to prevent hazardsHot items should not be removed from sterilisers until they are cooled.Handling of sharp ends of instruments should be avoided.Forceps should be used to remove sharp instruments from baskets and autoclavesLeather gloves should be provided to workers for handling of hot items.Recommendations to prevent from burning with AutoclaveUnloading AutoclaveHeat-insulating gloves, safety glasses/face shield and closed toed shoes should be worn while unloading autoclaves.Workers must make sure that the pressure of the chamber is 0 before they open the door.Workers should stand back away from the door as a precaution and carefully open the door not more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) so as to allow residual steam to escape and to the allow pressure within the liquids and containers are back to normal.Sterilised items should be allowed to stand for 10 minutes. This will allow the steam to clear and also allow trapped air to escape from hot liquids, reducing risk . (Note This is built into the operating cycle on some of the autoclaves).Containers of super-heated liquids should not be agitated and caps must not be removed before unloading.When hot items are removed from the autoclave, they should be marked with warning sign (e.g. Caution Hot. Do not touch.) till the items cools down to room temperature..Recommendations for Slips, Trips and FallsFloors should be kept clean and dry.For wet floor areas warning signs should be placed. prigg ish drainage should be done during wet processes and floors mats, dry standing places should be available and waterproof footgear can also be worn by the workers.All working area should be kept clean and in an orderly manner.All aisles and passageways should be and free from any obstruction.Floor plugs for equipment to prevent power cords from running across pathways.All exits should be free from any obstruction. Access to exits doors should be easily reachable.Slip resistant shoes should be worn.Spills need to be reported and cleaned immediately.Uneven floor surfaces should be eliminated.Recommendations for Electrical hazardAvoid using extension cords.All cords should have a grounded, three-prong, hospital-grade plug.A cracked cord should be replaced immediately.No accumulation of water should be allowed near an electrical outlet.According to OSHA 2005 Clause 73,all electrical apparatuses and conductors including machines, equipment and fittings shall be sufficient in size and powe r for the work for which they are used and shall be constructed, installed, protected, worked and maintained so as to prevent danger.Recommendations for hazards related to HeatSince, the place of work is quite hot workers should wear light-coloured and